{"id":13020,"date":"2021-12-24T15:38:23","date_gmt":"2021-12-24T08:38:23","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/mattranhaiphong.org.vn\/?p=13020"},"modified":"2021-12-24T15:38:23","modified_gmt":"2021-12-24T08:38:23","slug":"tu-tuong-ho-chi-minh-ve-phong-chong-tham-nhung","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mattranhaiphong.org.vn\/index.php\/2021\/12\/24\/tu-tuong-ho-chi-minh-ve-phong-chong-tham-nhung\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH V\u1ec0 PH\u00d2NG, CH\u1ed0NG THAM NH\u0168NG"},"content":{"rendered":"

T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng, ch\u1ed1ng tham nh\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u201cl\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng to l\u1edbn v\u00e0 qu\u00fd gi\u00e1\u201d c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ta m\u00e0 c\u00f2n cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n s\u00e2u s\u1eafc trong \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ph\u00f2ng, ch\u1ed1ng tham nh\u0169ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u00fang b\u1ec7nh, \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u00fang ph\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n k\u00ea c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u1ecb ch\u1ee9ng b\u1ec7nh tham nh\u0169ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

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Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n – \u201cb\u1ec7nh m\u1eb9\u201d \u0111\u1ebb ra tham nh\u0169ng<\/strong><\/p>\n

B\u1ec7nh tham nh\u0169ng trong c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u00a0H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh\u00a0di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t trong m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef\u00a0chung nh\u1ea5t\u00a0l\u00e0\u00a0tham \u00f4.\u00a0Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tham\u00a0\u00f4 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi\u00a0\u201cl\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a t\u01b0. L\u00e0 gian l\u1eadn, tham lam\u201d, \u201ctham \u00f4 l\u00e0 tr\u1ed9m c\u01b0\u1edbp\u201d.\u00a0\u201cC\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng\u201d ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, do nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n\u00a0\u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch chung l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 h\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0o l\u1ea5y \u201cc\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng\u201d l\u00e0m \u201cc\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u201d c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi tham \u00f4… Trong \u201cTh\u01b0 g\u1eedi UBND c\u00e1c k\u1ef3,\u00a0t\u1ec9nh, huy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 l\u00e0ng, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra 6 \u201cl\u1ea7m l\u1ed7i r\u1ea5t n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1\u201d c\u1ee7a c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ra s\u1ee9c s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0:\u00a0Tr\u00e1i ph\u00e9p, c\u1eady th\u1ebf, h\u1ee7 h\u00f3a, t\u01b0 t\u00fang, ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o<\/em>. Trong \u0111\u00f3, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o v\u00e0 l\u00ean \u00e1n h\u00e0nh vi \u201cl\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u01b0, qu\u00ean c\u1ea3 thanh li\u00eam, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c…\u201d(1)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n cho th\u1ea5y, C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1945 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 vinh d\u1ef1 l\u1edbn lao tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n. Th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, b\u1ea3n l\u0129nh, s\u1ee9c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o phi th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 \u201ct\u01b0 c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh\u201d. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ch\u01b0a l\u00e2u, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng non tr\u1ebb l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a gi\u1eb7c \u0111\u00f3i, gi\u1eb7c d\u1ed1t v\u00e0 gi\u1eb7c ngo\u1ea1i x\u00e2m; t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec3m ngh\u00e8o \u201cng\u00e0n c\u00e2n treo s\u1ee3i t\u00f3c\u201d. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh t\u1eadp trung gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, \u0110\u1ea3ng ta l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi gi\u1eb7c n\u1ed9i x\u00e2m c\u00f2n nguy h\u1ea1i h\u01a1n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5: \u201cCh\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 lo cho l\u1ee3i \u00edch ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, \u201cmi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 m\u00ecnh b\u00e9o, m\u1eb7c thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 g\u1ea7y\u201d(2)<\/sup>.\u00a0Ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ebb ra tr\u0103m th\u1ee9 b\u1ec7nh con nguy hi\u1ec3m;\u00a0m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 vi tr\u00f9ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c, do n\u00f3 m\u00e0 sinh ra c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 b\u1ec7nh r\u1ea5t nguy hi\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c. Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh do ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y ra,\u00a0tham nh\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh nguy hi\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t,\u00a0l\u00e0 \u201ch\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u1ea5u xa nh\u1ea5t, t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i, \u0111\u00ea ti\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5t\u201d(3)<\/sup>.\u00a0H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5: \u201cTr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1eadt th\u00e1m, ph\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa\u201d(4)<\/sup>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i l\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a V. I. L\u00eanin: \u201cKh\u00f4ng x\u1eed b\u1eafn l\u0169 \u0103n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00fat l\u00f3t\u2026 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5 cho nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng\u2026 Ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1eebng tr\u1ecb nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 h\u1ed1i l\u1ed9 (\u0103n h\u1ed1i l\u1ed9, t\u1eb7ng h\u1ed1i l\u1ed9, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch h\u1ed1i l\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c)\u201d(5)<\/sup>.\u00a0Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u1ea1i d\u00e1m th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafn ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n gay g\u1eaft nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m, sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh hi\u1ec3u r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i cho d\u00e2n, cho n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ra s\u1ee9c ki\u00ean tr\u00ec s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, s\u1ef1 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n th\u01b0 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f4ng khai l\u00ean b\u00e1o ch\u00ed c\u00f4ng lu\u1eadn, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh, t\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 ra \u0111\u00edch danh\u00a0tham \u00f4 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi \u201ctr\u1ed9m c\u01b0\u1edbp\u201d, \u201cl\u00e0 m\u1eadt th\u00e1m, ph\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c\u201d\u00a0\u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng ta kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi \u1ea5y trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 to\u00e0n d\u00e2n. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi. l\u00e0\u00a0s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u cho vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a trong \u0110\u1ea3ng, m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ti\u00eau ch\u00ed quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng \u201cl\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, l\u00e0 v\u0103n minh\u201d – \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i trong s\u1ea1ch, ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng v\u1edbi tham nh\u0169ng.<\/p>\n

H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m nh\u00ecn th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 th\u1ef1c tr\u1ea1ng tham nh\u0169ng b\u1eb1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng \u201cgi\u1ea5u gi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m\u201d m\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t ni\u1ec1m tin tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0o th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201c\u00fd ni\u1ec7m tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i\u201d trong gi\u00e1o l\u00fd t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o; th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u00fd ch\u00ed quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m, sai l\u1ea7m, ch\u1ec9 ra con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb tham nh\u0169ng. B\u1edfi v\u00ec, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 danh d\u1ef1, l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec d\u00f9 t\u00e0i gi\u1ecfi m\u1ea5y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n b\u00e0n th\u00eam \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb tham nh\u0169ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y ra hoang mang cho nh\u1eefng c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 d\u00e1m n\u00f3i, d\u00e1m l\u00e0m, d\u00e1m ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean \u201cc\u1ea3i t\u1ea3 quy ch\u00ednh\u201d, theo H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh ph\u1ea3i h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng, b\u00ecnh t\u0129nh, t\u1ec9nh t\u00e1o v\u00e0 m\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng tham nh\u0169ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m, ki\u1ec7n to\u00e0n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u1ecbnh ra ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea5u tranh, tuy\u1ec7t nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t, nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi.\u00a0H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5: \u201c\u1eaet ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb, k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, \u1eaft ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3\u00a0l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 trung ki\u00ean\u201d(6)<\/sup>. Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n n\u1ea3y sinh tham nh\u0169ng, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra \u0111\u00fang \u201cph\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng, ch\u1ed1ng tham nh\u0169ng.<\/p>\n

T\u1ef1 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh – \u201cthang thu\u1ed1c hay nh\u1ea5t\u201d<\/strong>(7)<\/sup><\/strong>, \u201cthang thu\u1ed1c th\u00e1nh\u201d<\/strong>(8)<\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0\u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng, ch\u1ed1ng tham nh\u0169ng<\/strong><\/p>\n

Trong ti\u1ec1m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o giai c\u1ea5p m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 – \u0110\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, l\u00e0 v\u0103n minh\u201d.\u00a0Vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 to l\u1edbn, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t, \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn; \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u01b0u t\u00fa nh\u1ea5t song kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m, khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m, khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c, s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00ec \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c – L\u00eanin soi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 t\u00f4n ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh.\u00a0T\u1ef1 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfc g\u01b0\u01a1ng soi, nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh, soi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u1ec9 l\u1ed1i cho m\u1ed7i c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean trong m\u1ed7i b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u201cv\u1ebft xe \u0111\u1ed5\u201d c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. L\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 thi\u00ean t\u00e0i H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u00e3 s\u1edbm nh\u1eadn ra quy lu\u1eadt \u1ea5y. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1ef1 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap nhau s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa, gi\u00fap nhau ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, gi\u1eef g\u00ecn \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh, t\u1ef1 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u201cthang thu\u1ed1c hay nh\u1ea5t\u201d, \u201cthang thu\u1ed1c th\u00e1nh\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng, ch\u1ed1ng tham nh\u0169ng. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh \u0111em l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i \u201ckh\u00e9o d\u00f9ng c\u00e1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed s\u1eafc b\u00e9n\u201d \u1ea5y, \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb k\u1ebb x\u1ea5u l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng k\u00edch, n\u00f3i x\u1ea5u, tri\u1ec7t h\u1ea1 nhau. Khi g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n th\u00ec t\u1ef1 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, \u00fd ch\u00ed v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. Khi thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i th\u00ec t\u1ef1 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn r\u00f5 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 quan \u201cng\u1ee7 qu\u00ean tr\u00ean v\u00f2ng nguy\u1ec7t qu\u1ebf\u201d. Khi m\u1eafc khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m, sai l\u1ea7m, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i x\u1ea5u xa, \u0111\u00ea ti\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5t th\u00ec \u201cPh\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u0323 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh nhu\u031b u\u00f4\u0301ng thu\u00f4\u0301c x\u00f4\u0309. X\u00f4\u0309 r\u00f4\u0300i th\u00ec pha\u0309i u\u00f4\u0301ng thu\u00f4\u0301c b\u00f4\u0309. Th\u00e1o xe \u0111a\u0323p ra ch\u00f9i cho sa\u0323ch bu\u0323i, l\u00fac l\u0103\u0301p v\u00e0o pha\u0309i cho d\u00e2\u0300u m\u01a1\u0303, xe m\u01a1\u0301i cha\u0323y \u0111u\u031b\u01a1\u0323c\u201d(9)<\/sup>. T\u1ef1 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1ea5t nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m, \u0111\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eebng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. T\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khen h\u01a1n b\u1ecb ch\u00ea. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ec5 cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ef1 n\u00f3i ra khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m, t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 non k\u00e9m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1ec5 li\u00ean l\u1ee5y \u0111\u1ebfn\u00a0uy t\u00edn, ch\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00ec \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi ta hay c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 \u00e1i. Th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn c\u00e1i sai, c\u00e1i d\u1ed1t, c\u00e1i k\u00e9m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, th\u00ec s\u1ee3 m\u1ea5t th\u1ec3 di\u1ec7n, m\u1ea5t uy t\u00edn, m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb\u201d(10)<\/sup>. V\u00ec v\u1eady, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh cho r\u1eb1ng mu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh tham \u00f4 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00fang.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t,\u00a0<\/em>th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00fang<\/em>\u00a0l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng gi\u00fap ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba tham nh\u0169ng ngay khi n\u00f3 c\u00f2n trong tr\u1ee9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ea7u th\u1ecb, l\u1eafng nghe, th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u, c\u1ea3m th\u00f4ng chia s\u1ebb, d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m, ki\u00ean tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5u tranh tr\u00ean t\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau, gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 nhau. N\u1ebfu th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang d\u1ec5 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn bao che, gi\u1ea5u gi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m, d\u1ec5 g\u00e2y hi\u1ec1m kh\u00edch, m\u1ea5t \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, m\u1ea5t ni\u1ec1m tin \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed m\u00ecnh. N\u00f3 c\u00e0ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nguy h\u1ea1i khi t\u1ef1 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh vi tham \u00f4 b\u1ecb l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m b\u00ecnh phong cho ai \u0111\u00f3 v\u00ec m\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, v\u00ec l\u00f2ng h\u1eb9p h\u00f2i, \u0111\u1ed1 k\u1ef5, h\u00f2ng h\u1ea1 b\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed m\u00ecnh g\u00e2y m\u1ea5t \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9, l\u00e0m hoang mang m\u1ea5t ni\u1ec1m tin trong nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. Do \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ef1 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh \u201cph\u1ea3i r\u00e1o ri\u1ebft, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y l\u00f2ng th\u00e2n \u00e1i, l\u1ea5y l\u00f2ng th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt, m\u00e0 r\u00e1o ri\u1ebft ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed m\u00ecnh. Hai vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi nhau\u201d(11)<\/sup>. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u0169ng l\u01b0u \u00fd, th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 khoan dung, nh\u00e2n \u00e1i c\u1ea7n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, v\u1edbi t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m, sai l\u1ea7m, tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e0o b\u1eb1ng; ph\u1ea3i ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft\u00a0x\u00e9t r\u00f5 c\u00f4ng – t\u1ed9i, kh\u00f4ng thi\u00ean t\u01b0, thi\u00ean v\u1ecb. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean bi\u1ebft \u0103n n\u0103n, h\u1ed1i c\u1ea3i, \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7n khoan dung, \u0111\u1ed9 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho h\u1ecd s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m, sai l\u1ea7m.\u00a0Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t nh\u00e2n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u00e0 c\u00f2n kh\u01a1i g\u1ee3i \u00fd th\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c \u1edf m\u1ed7i c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean trong tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 hai, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00fang<\/em>\u00a0– \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3. Theo H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u00e0 tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec1 cao tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m n\u00eau g\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean.\u00a0Trong b\u00e0i \u201cT\u1ef1 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh\u201d, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u0103n d\u1eb7n: \u201cNg\u00e0y n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0103n cho kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3i, r\u1eeda m\u1eb7t cho kh\u1ecfi b\u1ea9n, th\u00ec ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh cho kh\u1ecfi sai l\u1ea7m\u201d(12)<\/sup>. Trong\u00a0sinh ho\u1ea1t, m\u1ed7i c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 ra cho \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed m\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m sai l\u1ea7m. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, ph\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean quan t\u00e2m h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn, \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean, ki\u1ec3m tra, theo d\u00f5i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m, sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed, \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, thi\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n \u201ctr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1nh xu\u00f4i, k\u00e8n th\u1ed5i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d, \u201cn\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi l\u00e0m\u201d, \u201cn\u00f3i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0ng l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t n\u1ebbo\u201d, n\u1eb7ng v\u1ec1 h\u00f4 h\u00e0o kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u, b\u1ec7nh th\u00e0nh t\u00edch\u2026 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, \u0111\u00f4i khi ph\u1ea3n t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 cao tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m n\u00eau g\u01b0\u01a1ng theo Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng n\u00eau g\u01b0\u01a1ng trong \u0110\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m n\u00eau g\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 cao c\u1ea5p. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5: \u201cMu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 cao c\u1ea5p ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d(13)<\/sup>. B\u1edfi v\u00ec, \u201cuy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 m\u1ea1nh d\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh, bi\u1ebft h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang, s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u1edf ch\u1ed7 gi\u1ea5u gi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 e s\u1ee3 qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh\u201d(14)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh vi tham \u00f4 ph\u1ea3i g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m, ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n tr\u00ean t\u1eebng c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c. \u1ede m\u1ed7i \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb, trong t\u1eebng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh, n\u1ed9i dung, c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ea7u th\u1ecb s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 thang thu\u1ed1c hay \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh tham \u00f4. C\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p suy tho\u00e1i, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 tha h\u00f3a, bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ngh\u0129a l\u00fd g\u00ec. Do v\u1eady, ch\u1ec9 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh th\u00f4i ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 m\u00e0 c\u1ea7n k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c –\u00a0\u201cthanh b\u1ea3o ki\u1ebfm nhi\u1ec7m m\u00e0u\u201d\u00a0<\/em>ph\u00f2ng, ch\u1ed1ng tham nh\u0169ng<\/strong><\/p>\n

Trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh r\u1ea5t quan t\u00e2m v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c khi trao cho c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean. B\u1edfi v\u00ec, \u201cC\u00e1n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan, c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3, c\u1ea5p cao th\u00ec quy\u1ec1n to, c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p th\u00ec quy\u1ec1n nh\u1ecf. D\u00f9 to hay nh\u1ecf, c\u00f3\u00a0quy\u1ec1n m\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp \u0111\u1ee5c kho\u00e9t, c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp \u0103n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00fat, c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp \u201cd\u0129 c\u00f4ng vi t\u01b0\u201d(15)<\/sup>. Do \u0111\u00f3,\u00a0n\u1ebfu t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra cho chu \u0111\u00e1o th\u00ec c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n \u201cpha\u201d\u00a0bao nhi\u00eau t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh, bao nhi\u00eau \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m, bao nhi\u00eau c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5y r\u00f5. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: ch\u00edn ph\u1ea7n m\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m tra\u201d(16)<\/sup>. Theo H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, mu\u1ed1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 hai \u0111i\u1ec1u: \u201cM\u1ed9t l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, ph\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean l\u00e0m. Hai l\u00e0, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 uy t\u00edn\u201d(17)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra, gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t l\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u quan tr\u1ecdng b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng l\u00ean tr\u00ean h\u1ebft, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft,\u00a0ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n \u201clo tr\u01b0\u1edbc thi\u00ean h\u1ea1, vui sau thi\u00ean h\u1ea1\u201d v\u00e0 \u201c\u00edt l\u00f2ng tham mu\u1ed1n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t\u201d, kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec c\u1ea3nh ngh\u00e8o m\u00e0 thay l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1ea1 sinh ra b\u1ea5t li\u00eam.\u00a0V\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c. Theo Ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 quan tr\u1ecdng b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t\u00a0trong \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea3m tr\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c ki\u1ec3m tra, gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi,\u00a0ph\u1ea3i l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 uy t\u00edn, kinh nghi\u1ec7m, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ki\u1ec3m tra, gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i g\u1eb7p vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec, g\u1eb7p ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1i \u0111i ki\u1ec3m tra, gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Do \u0111\u00f3, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh cho r\u1eb1ng: c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c ki\u1ec3m tra tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec1u kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 gi\u00e0u n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap m\u00ecnh \u0111i ki\u1ec3m tra\u201d(18)<\/sup>. Trong c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c ki\u1ec3m tra, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c ki\u1ec3m tra c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n r\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 ki\u1ec7m tra m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh quan li\u00eau, b\u1ec7nh b\u00e0n gi\u1ea5y: \u201c\u0111\u1ea7y t\u00fai qu\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng c\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00fai \u00e1o ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb\u201d m\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea1y\u201d(19)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Song song v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c ki\u1ec3m tra, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0\u00a0\u201cthanh b\u1ea3o ki\u1ebfm nhi\u1ec7m m\u00e0u\u201d\u00a0<\/em>trongph\u00f2ng, ch\u1ed1ng tham nh\u0169ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00fang, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 s\u00e1t th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c n\u00f3i chung, trong \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng tham nh\u0169ng n\u00f3i ri\u00eang l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap h\u1ecd r\u00fat kinh nghi\u1ec7m, s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m\u201d(20)<\/sup>, tuy\u1ec7t nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u201cb\u1edbi b\u00e8o ra b\u1ecd, qu\u00e9t nh\u00e0 ra r\u00e1c\u201d r\u1ed3i t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch h\u1ea1 uy t\u00edn, h\u1ea1 b\u1ec7 nhau. \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ki\u1ec3m tra theo H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh bao g\u1ed3m: Ki\u1ec3m tra nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c – m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c, c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5y, v\u1eabn \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5y v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5y. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3m tra kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i s\u00e2u s\u00e1t th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn n\u01a1i. Th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u1ee7y th\u00e1c. Th\u00f4ng qua c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ec3 xem nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i g\u00ec, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00f3 ra s\u1ee9c tham gia hay kh\u00f4ng. Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eeba ph\u00e1t huy \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m, ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1i m\u1edbi, c\u00e1i t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nh\u1eb1m \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o s\u00e1t h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba, kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n quan li\u00eau, xa d\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng s\u00e2u s\u00e1t th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n trong t\u00e1c phong c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chuy\u00ean tr\u00e1ch m\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o tai m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c tham nh\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u do nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u1ed1 gi\u00e1c. Mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t huy vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n trong ki\u1ec3m tra, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, theo H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, \u0110\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n;\u00a0ph\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng khai m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc; ph\u1ea3i h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u201cbi\u1ebft h\u01b0\u1edfng quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, bi\u1ebft d\u00f9ng quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, d\u00e1m n\u00f3i, d\u00e1m l\u00e0m\u201d(21)<\/sup>.\u00a0\u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n tham gia ki\u1ec3m tra, gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean trong Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi tham nh\u0169ng d\u00f9 tinh vi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 che m\u1eaft nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n.\u00a0C\u00e1n b\u1ed9 ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c ki\u1ec3m tra ph\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean g\u1ea7n g\u0169i d\u00e2n, l\u1eafng nghe d\u00e2n, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 d\u00e2n v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c, k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd nghi\u00eam c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi tham nh\u0169ng.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ki\u1ec3m tra c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng khai tr\u1eebng tr\u1ecb c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 tha h\u00f3a, bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t, suy tho\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 r\u0103n \u0111e, c\u1ea3nh t\u1ec9nh\u00a0v\u00e0 n\u00eau g\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201ct\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed1n\u201d tr\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang. Theo H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, \u0110\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m c\u1eaft b\u1ecf ung nh\u1ecdt, s\u00e2u b\u1ec7nh s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba tham nh\u0169ng. Vi\u1ec7c Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh b\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n xin \u00e2n gi\u1ea3m \u00e1n t\u1eed h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i t\u00e1, C\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edfng C\u1ee5c Qu\u00e2n nhu Tr\u1ea7n D\u1ee5 Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n \u201cth\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00f4n\u201d ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ee9c tr\u1ecb k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb – th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh r\u0103n \u0111e \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean tho\u00e1i h\u00f3a, bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t, tha h\u00f3a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd.<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u2013 \u201cch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1ng h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng, ch\u1ed1ng tham nh\u0169ng<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, quy t\u1eafc, chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u1eb1m \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n trong quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi ni\u1ec1m tin c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, b\u1edfi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt.\u00a0<\/em>H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh coi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m, c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n, \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i tham nh\u0169ng. B\u1edfi v\u00ec, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng, d\u1eabn d\u1eaft c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 m\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n phi d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n, \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c trong b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1ec7 quan li\u00eau, tham nh\u0169ng.\u00a0N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf hai kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh: t\u1ea1o ra m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb – x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong s\u1ea1ch, l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1ng t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n, \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i tham nh\u0169ng.<\/p>\n

X\u00e9t \u1edf kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t,\u00a0<\/em>b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec1 cao tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc.\u00a0V\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, khi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng cao h\u1ecd s\u1ebd s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u \u01b0u t\u00fa \u0111\u1ec3 \u201c\u1ee7y th\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c\u201d, tr\u00e1nh hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trao nh\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi tham nh\u0169ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh x\u1ea5u xa, h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u00edch c\u1ef1c m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi tham nh\u0169ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, theo d\u00f5i, l\u00ean \u00e1n v\u00e0 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n k\u00edch li\u1ec7t v\u00ec tham nh\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0103n c\u1eafp, l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i \u0111\u00ea ti\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5t\u201d. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh:\u00a0\u201c…nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, theo \u0111\u00fang k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m \u0111\u00fang ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, \u0111\u1ec3 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e0m tr\u00f2n ph\u1eadn s\u1ef1 m\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 giao ph\u00f3 cho\u201d(22)<\/sup>. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201ctu\u00e2n theo ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf\u00a0tinh th\u1ea7n \u201cth\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00f4n ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt\u201d, kh\u00f4ng ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ee9ng ngo\u00e0i ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5: \u201cPh\u00e1p lu\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i th\u1eb3ng tay tr\u1eebng tr\u1ecb nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb b\u1ea5t li\u00eam, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 k\u1ebb \u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb n\u00e0o, l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p g\u00ec\u201d(23)<\/sup>. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf ph\u00e1p l\u00fd quan tr\u1ecdng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n tham gia \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng tham nh\u0169ng. Theo \u0111\u00f3, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb nay, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai, d\u00f9 gi\u1eef c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb g\u00ec trong nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u1ebfu ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ea3i tham nh\u0169ng th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

X\u00e9t \u1edf kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh th\u1ee9 hai,\u00a0<\/em>c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng k\u00e9p, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba h\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u1ee7y th\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u1eeba l\u00e0\u00a0nh\u1eefng \u201cc\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafn\u201d, \u201cc\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed1t\u201d, \u201cc\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ki\u1ec3u m\u1eabu\u201d.\u00a0Theo H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: s\u1ef1 tha h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u201cCh\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m tr\u00f2n nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m tr\u00f2n b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n; \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ee3i \u00edch ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u00ean tr\u00ean l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d(24)<\/sup>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0lu\u00f4n c\u0103n d\u1eb7n c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean to\u00e0n \u0110\u1ea3ng: \u201cTr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ta c\u1ee9 vi\u1ebft l\u00ean tr\u00e1n ch\u1eef \u201cc\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n\u201d m\u00e0 ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecd y\u00eau m\u1ebfn. Qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 qu\u00fd m\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. Mu\u1ed1n h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m m\u1ef1c th\u01b0\u1edbc cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d(25)<\/sup>.\u00a0Do \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n cao nh\u1ea5t \u1edf tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 t\u00ednh nghi\u00eam minh c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1ng h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u gi\u00fap c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean \u201ckh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n tham nh\u0169ng\u201d v\u00e0 \u201ckh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m tham nh\u0169ng\u201d.\u00a0Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, \u0110\u1ea3ng ta lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec1 cao\u00a0tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m n\u00eau g\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0\u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean, \u201c\u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u00e0ng n\u01b0\u1edbc theo sau\u201d.\u00a0M\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t li\u00eam s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, b\u1ecb t\u1ed1 gi\u00e1c n\u1ebfu c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 cao ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.\u00a0Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m n\u00eau g\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u201cc\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ki\u1ec3u m\u1eabu\u201d kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c m\u00e0 c\u00f2n bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng trong sinh ho\u1ea1t h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y \u1edf gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa.\u00a0D\u1ef1 lu\u1eadn c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m: \u201cB\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng \u1edf gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00edch k\u1ef7 nh\u1ecf nhen v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh\u201d(26)<\/sup>. C\u00e0ng g\u1ea7n d\u00e2n, c\u1ecd s\u00e1t v\u1edbi d\u00e2n c\u00e0ng h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u hay, nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng b\u1ed5 \u00edch v\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd c\u00e0ng v\u00ec d\u00e2n, tr\u00e1nh xa c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi tham nh\u0169ng.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u to l\u1edbn, \u201c\u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ta ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3, ti\u1ec1m l\u1ef1c, v\u1ecb th\u1ebf, uy t\u00edn qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y nay\u201d(27)<\/sup>. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ph\u00f2ng, ch\u1ed1ng tham nh\u0169ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u201csuy tho\u00e1i v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng\u201d, nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u201ct\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn\u201d, \u201ct\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a\u201d trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9\u201d t\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn\u201d \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e2y lan sang \u201cm\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf\u201d c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean; l\u00e0m s\u00f3i m\u00f2n ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea3ng\u2026.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, trong nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i XII c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, \u201c\u0111\u00e3 thi h\u00e0nh k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt 2209 c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn tham nh\u0169ng; trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 113 c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 thu\u1ed9c di\u1ec7n Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec9 h\u01b0u\u201d(28)<\/sup>. Quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng ta trong \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ph\u00f2ng, ch\u1ed1ng tham nh\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 trong l\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng B\u00ed th\u01b0, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fa Tr\u1ecdng t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng: \u201cCh\u00fang ta r\u1ea5t nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o, nh\u00e2n \u00e1i, nh\u00e2n t\u00ecnh; kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch th\u00fa g\u00ec khi ph\u1ea3i k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed, \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t kh\u1ed5 t\u00e2m, \u0111au x\u00f3t. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 chung, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 mong nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng m\u1eafc sai ph\u1ea1m, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt; k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u mu\u00f4n ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d(29)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u201cki\u00ean quy\u1ebft, ki\u00ean tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ph\u00f2ng, ch\u1ed1ng tham nh\u0169ng\u201d<\/s>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 trong ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0110\u1ea3ng: \u201cTinh th\u1ea7n l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m, l\u00e0m quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t, l\u00e0m t\u1eadp trung, d\u1ee9t \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c \u0111ang d\u1edf dang, nh\u1eefng kh\u00e2u c\u00f2n y\u1ebfu, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n tr\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec3m. To\u00e0n \u0110\u1ea3ng, to\u00e0n D\u00e2n quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec7n d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i hay ng\u1eadp ng\u1eebng. M\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ng\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, mong mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng ta. Ph\u1ea3i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m \u1ea5y. C\u00f2n trong ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 ai dao \u0111\u1ed9ng, ng\u1eadp ng\u1eebng th\u00ec t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o, xin t\u1ef1 th\u00f4i \u0111i!\u201d(30)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

L\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ea1n tham nh\u0169ng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ean g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c nhau. Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam, cha \u00f4ng ta c\u00f2n l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i quan tr\u1ecdng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u1ecbp \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m – L\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i \u201cTh\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng tham nh\u0169ng\u201d. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean r\u1eb1ng, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn h\u00e0nh vi tham nh\u0169ng trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, gian kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u1ea5y. B\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng, ch\u1ed1ng tham nh\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3, \u0111ang v\u00e0 m\u00e3i m\u00e3i l\u00e0 kim ch\u1ec9 nam \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng cho to\u00e0n \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 to\u00e0n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c trong cu\u1ed9c \u201cchi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3\u201d nh\u1eb1m ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n, \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i tham nh\u0169ng, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0110\u1ea3ng ta th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh thi\u00eang li\u00eang, cao c\u1ea3 v\u00e0 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i – l\u00e0 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0y t\u1edb th\u1eadt trung th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n\u201d.\/.<\/p>\n

ThS. Nguy\u1ec5n Trung Th\u00e0nh<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, B\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng<\/em><\/p>\n

__<\/p>\n

(1) H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh:\u00a0To\u00e0n t\u1eadp<\/em>, Nxb. Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c gia, H, 2011, t.4, tr. 65.<\/p>\n

(2) (14) H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh:\u00a0To\u00e0n t\u1eadp<\/em>, S\u0111d, t.13, tr. 90, 421.<\/p>\n

(3) H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh:\u00a0To\u00e0n t\u1eadp<\/em>, S\u0111d, t.14, tr. 141.<\/p>\n

(4) (6) (9) (10) (12) H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh:\u00a0To\u00e0n t\u1eadp<\/em>, S\u0111d, t. 7, tr. 368, 358, 221, 80, 82,<\/p>\n

(5) V. I. L\u00ea-nin:\u00a0To\u00e0n t\u1eadp<\/em>, Nxb. Ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, M\u00e1txc\u01a1va, 1977, t.36, tr. 346.<\/p>\n

(7) (8) (11) (16) (17) (18 (19) (20) H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh:\u00a0To\u00e0n t\u1eadp<\/em>, S\u0111d, t. 5, tr. 302, 633, 279, 637, 327, 637, 637, 316.<\/p>\n

(13) (23) (25) H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh:\u00a0To\u00e0n t\u1eadp<\/em>, S\u0111d, t.6, tr. 459, 127, 16.<\/p>\n

(21)\u00a0 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh:\u00a0To\u00e0n t\u1eadp<\/em>, S\u0111d, t.15, tr. 293.<\/p>\n

(22) (24) H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh:\u00a0To\u00e0n t\u1eadp<\/em>, S\u0111d, t. 9, tr. 90, 314.<\/p>\n

(26)\u00a0 V.A.Xukh\u00f4ml\u0129nki:\u00a0Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o<\/em>, Nxb. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, H,1984, tr.453.<\/p>\n

(27) (28) \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam:\u00a0V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 XIII<\/em>, Nxb. Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, H, 2021, t.I. tr.25, 209.<\/p>\n

(29)\u00a0 https:\/\/ubkttw.vn\/phat bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed T\u1ed5ng b\u00ed th\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fa Tr\u1ecdng t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c ki\u1ec3m tra, gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t thi h\u00e0nh k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 2016.<\/p>\n

(30)\u00a0 https:\/\/cand.com.vn\/ T\u1ed5ng b\u00ed th\u01b0 – Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng tham nh\u0169ng.<\/p>\n

Theo T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Tuy\u00ean gi\u00e1o<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng, ch\u1ed1ng tham nh\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u201cl\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng to l\u1edbn v\u00e0 qu\u00fd gi\u00e1\u201d c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ta m\u00e0 c\u00f2n cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n s\u00e2u s\u1eafc trong \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ph\u00f2ng, ch\u1ed1ng tham nh\u0169ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":20,"featured_media":13021,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[111],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-13020","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-xay-dung-dang-xay-dung-chinh-quyen"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mattranhaiphong.org.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13020","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mattranhaiphong.org.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mattranhaiphong.org.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mattranhaiphong.org.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/20"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mattranhaiphong.org.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13020"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/mattranhaiphong.org.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13020\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mattranhaiphong.org.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/13021"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mattranhaiphong.org.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13020"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mattranhaiphong.org.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13020"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mattranhaiphong.org.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13020"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}