{"id":11616,"date":"2020-11-27T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-11-26T17:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/demo.mattranhaiphong.org.vn\/ph-angghen-nguoi-thay-loi-lac-cua-giai-cap-vo-san-hien-dai\/"},"modified":"2020-11-27T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2020-11-26T17:00:00","slug":"ph-angghen-nguoi-thay-loi-lac-cua-giai-cap-vo-san-hien-dai","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mattranhaiphong.org.vn\/index.php\/2020\/11\/27\/ph-angghen-nguoi-thay-loi-lac-cua-giai-cap-vo-san-hien-dai\/","title":{"rendered":"Ph.\u0102ngghen – Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00f4ng lao to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Ph.\u0102ngghen \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, V.I.L\u00eanin vi\u1ebft: \u201cSau b\u1ea1n \u00f4ng l\u00e0 C.M\u00e1c, Ph.\u0102ngghen l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i trong to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u0103n minh. T\u1eeb ng\u00e0y m\u00e0 v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n C.M\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph.\u0102ngghen th\u00ec s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u1ea5y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p chung c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd\u201d.<\/h2>\n

Ph\u01a1-ri-\u0111\u01a1-r\u00edch \u0102ng-ghen (Ph. \u0102ngghen) l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft gia v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi C. M\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft M\u00e1c – h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. K\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 200 n\u0103m ng\u00e0y sinh Ph.\u0102ngghen (28\/11\/1820 – 28\/11\/2020) l\u00e0 d\u1ecbp \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f4n vinh, tri \u00e2n c\u00f4ng lao, \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ph.\u0102ngghen \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kho t\u00e0ng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi; qua \u0111\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c – L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ta.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Ph. \u0102ngghen – Nh\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn s\u0129 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i
\n(\u1ea2nh t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u)<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1o l\u1eadp n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n l\u00fd lu\u1eadn cho h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb sau cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 C.M\u00e1c n\u0103m 1844, Ph.\u0102nghen \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed g\u1ea7n g\u0169i th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a C.M\u00e1c, x\u00e2y \u0111\u1eafp n\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a C.M\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph.\u0102ngghen l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam t\u00fac v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9, gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7t ra. K\u1ebf th\u1eeba nh\u1eefng tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX (tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c, kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Anh v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p) v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00ecnh, Ph.\u0102ngghen c\u00f9ng C.M\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh, ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u00ednh khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3. C\u00f4ng lao v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a C.M\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph.\u0102ngghen, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: \u0110\u00e3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc duy v\u1eadt, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, cung c\u1ea5p cho lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn m\u1edbi m\u1ebb, m\u1ed9t v\u0169 kh\u00ed s\u1eafc b\u00e9n \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a C.M\u00e1c l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng khoa h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra t\u00ednh quy lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 t\u00ednh t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn t\u1eeb h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i kinh t\u1ebf – x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y sang h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i kinh t\u1ebf – x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c cao h\u01a1n. \u0110\u00e3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi, \u0111em l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 trong kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u1ecdc. V\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ra quy lu\u1eadt gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0, C.M\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t vong t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

Qua vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, m\u1ed5 x\u1ebb ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, C.M\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph.\u0102ngghen \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra nh\u1eefng quy lu\u1eadt v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, ch\u1ec9 ra l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi l\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n do \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. Giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng gian kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n. \u0110\u1ea5u tranh giai c\u1ea5p l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 giai c\u1ea5p. V\u00ec v\u1eady, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e1c-x\u00edt l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i khoa h\u1ecdc, kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf Ph\u00e1p tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

C\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn trong h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>–<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft M\u00e1c<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Ph.\u0102ngghen qua c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7u tay:\u00a0L\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3o ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n khoa kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb;<\/em>\u00a0T\u00ecnh c\u1ea3nh giai c\u1ea5p\u00a0<\/em>c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n<\/em>\u00a0Anh<\/em>, c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00fd lu\u1eadn t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0 h\u1eefu n\u00f3i chung, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n n\u00f3i ri\u00eang, v\u1ea1ch tr\u1ea7n b\u00ed m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t, \u00e1p b\u1ee9c, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u00f4 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, n\u1ea1n kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p, n\u1ea1n b\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f3i kh\u1ed5, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb kinh t\u1ebf – x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n. Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o c\u00f3 t\u00ednh khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng mang b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t nh\u00e2n v\u0103n s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, Ph.\u0102ngghen truy t\u00ecm nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n s\u00e2u xa c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u1ec7 n\u1ea1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7i th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n:\u00a0\u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n<\/em>. Trong ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1edf h\u1eefu n\u00e0y, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i nh\u01b0ng \u201cn\u1ea1n gi\u00e0u – ngh\u00e8o, \u0111au kh\u1ed5 do ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 th\u1eeba th\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebb ra\u201d l\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng l\u00ean.<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ngay t\u1eeb th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Ph.\u0102ngghen, nh\u01b0 C.M\u00e1c nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ee3i m\u1edf v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho C.M\u00e1c m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1edbi, \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, h\u01b0\u1edbng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt h\u1ecdc sang nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u1ecdc. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, C.M\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra quy lu\u1eadt kinh t\u1ebf c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n –\u00a0quy lu\u1eadt gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi C.M\u00e1c, Ph.\u0102ngghen \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ea1ch r\u00f5 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t sinh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, n\u00eau l\u00ean nh\u1eefng m\u1eb7t ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 v\u1ea1ch r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n; t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu s\u1ebd b\u1ecb thay th\u1ebf b\u1edfi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u1edbi, cao h\u01a1n, ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a.<\/p>\n

P<\/em><\/strong>h\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb b\u1ecf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Ph.\u0102ngghen \u0111\u00e3 l\u0103n l\u1ed9n, g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi phong tr\u00e0o c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, v\u1edbi t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u1edbi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 thi\u00ean t\u00e0i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u1eabn c\u1ea3m v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, Ph.\u0102ngghen \u0111\u00e3 quan s\u00e1t, c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp nhu c\u1ea7u b\u1ee9c thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t giai c\u1ea5p b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c, b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 nh\u1ea5t trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh nh\u1eb1m x\u00f3a b\u1ecf \u00e1p b\u1ee9c, b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n – \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi C.M\u00e1c, Ph.\u0102ngghen kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, theo V.I.L\u00eanin \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu trong h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft M\u00e1c\u201d, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u1ea1ch ra vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9i ti\u1ec1n phong (ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng) c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi C.M\u00e1c, Ph.\u0102ngghen lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n g\u1eafn l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u1eeba v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch nh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc, v\u1eeba v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ph.\u0102ngghen \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ngh\u1ecb l\u1ef1c phi th\u01b0\u1eddng, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 uy\u00ean b\u00e1c v\u00e0 tr\u00e1i tim n\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n. V\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c, Ph.\u0102ngghen n\u00eau l\u00ean m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng: \u201cCh\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1eeb khi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khoa h\u1ecdc\u201d. \u0110\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea5y, Ph.\u0102ngghen \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng C.M\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh kh\u00f4ng m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u1ea3n khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edfng trong phong tr\u00e0o c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, t\u1eeb ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Vai-t\u01a1-rinh, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ti\u1ec3u t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Pru-\u0111\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00f4 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Ba-cu-nin, t\u1eeb ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong \u0110\u1ea3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c; ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u phi v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a S\u00f4-vanh, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u201ch\u1eefu\u201d khuynh v\u00e0 \u201ct\u1ea3\u201d khuynh; ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ea3i l\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7t ph\u00e1i, nh\u1eefng \u00e2m m\u01b0u chia r\u1ebd phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

C\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Ph.\u0102ngghen \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi phong tr\u00e0o c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng qua 10 n\u0103m t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf I v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong phong tr\u00e0o c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi. Sau khi Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf I ng\u1eebng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, r\u1ed3i Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf II ra \u0111\u1eddi, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t phong tr\u00e0o c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph.\u0102ngghen h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan t\u00e2m. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ea5u tranh m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft ch\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ebfn phong tr\u00e0o c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ea3i l\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00f4 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed, vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c trong phong tr\u00e0o c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

Khi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00f4ng lao to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Ph.\u0102ngghen \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, V.I.L\u00ea-nin vi\u1ebft: \u201cSau b\u1ea1n \u00f4ng l\u00e0 C.M\u00e1c, Ph.\u0102ngghen l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i trong to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u0103n minh. T\u1eeb ng\u00e0y m\u00e0 v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n C.M\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph.\u0102ngghen th\u00ec s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u1ea5y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p chung c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Cho n\u00ean mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u Ph.\u0102ngghen \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec cho giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn r\u00f5 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a C.M\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i\u201d.<\/p>\n

G<\/em><\/strong>\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m cho ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 C.M\u00e1c, Ph.\u0102ngghen kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd coi l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o, \u0111\u00e3 xong xu\u00f4i v\u00e0 bu\u1ed9c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i d\u1eadp khu\u00f4n, sao ch\u00e9p, m\u00e0 lu\u00f4n \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00fd lu\u1eadn th\u00f4ng qua nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n. \u00d4ng ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft b\u00e1c b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng m\u01b0u toan gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft M\u00e1c, bi\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1edb nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o coi th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc, coi th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi n\u1ea3y sinh. Khi t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edbi, Ph.\u0102ngghen d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ph.\u0102ngghen th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafn th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 C.M\u00e1c trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 b\u00e3o t\u00e1p c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng (1848 – 1852) khi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p, s\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n… Ngay c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh trong\u00a0\u201cTuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n<\/em>\u201d<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph.\u0102ngghen c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi M\u00e1c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn: N\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i th\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n b\u1ed5 sung v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u201cb\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u00fac n\u00e0o, vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i tu\u1ef3 theo ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean qu\u00e1 c\u00e2u n\u1ec7 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng n\u00eau ra \u1edf cu\u1ed1i ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II\u201d.<\/p>\n

L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 thi\u00ean t\u00e0i, Ph.\u0102ngghen c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft m\u00e1cx\u00edt v\u1ec1 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn tranh, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a Ph.\u0102ngghen trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m phong ph\u00fa, s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n di s\u1ea3n l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c trong kho t\u00e0ng tri th\u1ee9c, v\u0103n h\u00f3a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu m\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0o nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng, kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c.\/.<\/p>\n

Ngu\u1ed3n:\u00a0\u0110\u1ec1 c\u01b0\u01a1ng tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 200 n\u0103m Ng\u00e0y sinh Ph.\u0102ngghen c\u1ee7a Ban Tuy\u00ean gi\u00e1o Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0110P (dangcongsan.vn)
\n<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00f4ng lao to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Ph.\u0102ngghen \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, V.I.L\u00eanin vi\u1ebft: \u201cSau b\u1ea1n \u00f4ng l\u00e0 C.M\u00e1c, Ph.\u0102ngghen l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i trong to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u0103n minh. T\u1eeb […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10031,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[103],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-11616","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-hoat-dong-mttq-thanh-pho"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mattranhaiphong.org.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11616","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mattranhaiphong.org.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mattranhaiphong.org.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mattranhaiphong.org.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mattranhaiphong.org.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11616"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/mattranhaiphong.org.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11616\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mattranhaiphong.org.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10031"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mattranhaiphong.org.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11616"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mattranhaiphong.org.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11616"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mattranhaiphong.org.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11616"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}