![\"\"](\"http:\/\/mattranhaiphong.org.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/quyen-con-nguoi-va-quyen-cong-dan-trong-tuyen-ngon-doc-lap.jpg\")
<\/p>\nL\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00e1ng v\u0103n l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn, s\u00fac t\u00edch, Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp do H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh thay m\u1eb7t Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e2m th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ba \u0110\u00ecnh, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, khai sinh m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u1edbi, m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 do cho d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u00e0 c\u00f2n kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi – m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3, \u0111ang v\u00e0 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi \u1edf c\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
TUY\u00caN NG\u00d4N \u0110\u1ed8C L\u1eacP V\u00c0 V\u1ea4N \u0110\u1ec0 QUY\u1ec0N CON NG\u01af\u1edcI, QUY\u1ec0N C\u00d4NG D\u00c2N Quy\u00ea\u0300n con ng\u01b0\u01a1\u0300i \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt chung v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf\u201d[3]. Quan ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o, nh\u00e2n v\u0103n v\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n vi ph\u1ea1m v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf n\u01a1i n\u00e0y hay n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c, qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y hay qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n G\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung “thu h\u1eb9p” h\u01a1n quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc (nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00f3a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n). \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1eadp h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc ghi nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3\u201d[4]. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng chung cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh; v\u00e0 \u0111i l\u1ec1n c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 la\u0300 nh\u01b0\u0303ng quy\u00ea\u0300n con ng\u01b0\u01a1\u0300i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c ca\u0301c nha\u0300 n\u01b0\u01a1\u0301c th\u01b0\u0300a nh\u00e2\u0323n, a\u0301p du\u0323ng cho ri\u00eang c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n cu\u0309a mi\u0300nh; th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c gia m\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m h\u1eb9p h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n V\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, c\u1ea3 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p l\u00e0m v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c; \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i (quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi) v\u00e0 v\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c gia n\u01a1i m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch (quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n); \u0111\u1ec1u xoay quanh m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 chung (c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n), \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 chung (c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5) ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i m\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb – ph\u00e1p l\u00fd trung t\u00e2m l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n L\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia giai c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f3 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t v\u00e0 b\u1ecb b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t, c\u00f3 \u00e1p b\u1ee9c v\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c th\u00ec c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do, b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qua c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi t\u1eebng qu\u1ed1c gia, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. \u0110\u1ea5u tranh cho quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, giai c\u1ea5p; g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, giai c\u1ea5p, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n ra tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u2026<\/p>\n Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c – L\u00eanin khi b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7; v\u1ec1 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i[5]. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo C.M\u00e1c \u201cl\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng h\u00f2a nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d[6] v\u00e0 \u201ct\u1ef1 do l\u00e0 c\u00e1i v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c m\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do; c\u0169ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 do, trong khi ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang mu\u1ed1n chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea5y, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 v\u1eadt trang s\u1ee9c qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 nh\u1ea5t, c\u00e1i m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 v\u1eadt trang s\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d[7]\u2026 H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \u201cc\u00e1i quan ni\u1ec7m cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cais g\u00ec chung, r\u1eb1ng trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u00e1i chung \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m r\u1ea5t c\u0169 r\u1ed3i\u201d[8], b\u1edfi r\u1eb1ng, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00ec lu\u00f4n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng, cho n\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh.<\/p>\n N\u00f3i th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng, quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\/qu\u1ed1c gia\/d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111ang b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng – \u0111ang ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng – \u0111ang b\u1ecb th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c. N\u00f3i th\u1ebf c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh sinh ra v\u00e0 l\u1edbn l\u00ean khi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang \u0111\u1eafm ch\u00ecm trong \u0111\u00eam tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p; khi m\u00e0 \u1edf n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ecdi quy\u1ec1n s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi, n\u00ean Ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng, \u1edf n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n.<\/p>\n Y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u00e2n, nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng thi\u1ebft tha c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh l\u00e0: “T\u1ef1 do cho \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o t\u00f4i, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp cho T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c t\u00f4i, \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n, \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u00f4i hi\u1ec3u”[9] v\u00e0 \u201cC\u00e1i m\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi l\u00e0: \u0110\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do, T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp\u201d[10]. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c ra \u0111i t\u00ecm con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n m\u00ecnh kh\u1ecfi \u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n.<\/p>\n Trong h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh b\u00f4n ba, tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng, quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i chung, quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n n\u00f3i ri\u00eang v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\/\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi khi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 do, khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7\/\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7. Trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam, quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng qua \u00a0m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c “t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n d\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 th\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ecba c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n”[11]; trong \u0111\u00f3, v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00ec: “a) D\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. b) Nam n\u1eef b\u00ecnh quy\u1ec1n,v.v.. c) Ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c theo c\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng h\u00f3a”[12]; v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u00ec: a) \u0110\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 b\u1ecdn phong ki\u1ebfn. b) L\u00e0m cho n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp\u2026; \u00a0v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kinh t\u1ebf th\u00ec: “a) Th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau h\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 qu\u1ed1c tr\u00e1i\u2026c) Th\u00e2u h\u1ebft ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng chia cho d\u00e2n c\u00e0y ngh\u00e8o\u2026f) Thi h\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt ng\u00e0y l\u00e0m 8 gi\u1edd”[13].<\/p>\n Xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba c\u00f3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung h\u1ee3p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c – L\u00eanin, nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00eau tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh trong Ch\u00e1nh c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eafn t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam ki\u00ean c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u00e0 gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c T\u1ed5ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m n\u0103m 1945.<\/p>\n Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp do H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y 2\/9\/1945 tr\u01b0\u1edbc to\u00e0n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e2m th\u1eddi do Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e0 c\u00f2n mang m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t khi di\u1ec5n ra \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai v\u1eeba k\u1ebft th\u00fac.<\/p>\n Theo H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u1eefng l\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng ai ch\u1ed1i c\u00e3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d[16] v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng \u1ea5y c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng\/\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng – quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00ec b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0o, qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3\/kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111o\u1ea1t\/t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t n\u00f3 \u0111i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ai\/kh\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0o l\u1ea1i cam ch\u1ecbu, khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1edbp m\u1ea5t. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111anh th\u00e9p: \u201cM\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 gan g\u00f3c ch\u1ed1ng \u00e1ch n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p h\u01a1n 80 n\u0103m nay, m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 gan g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 phe \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t x\u00edt m\u1ea5y n\u0103m nay, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do! D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp!\u201d[17] m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng, \u201cn\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. To\u00e0n th\u1ec3 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam quy\u1ebft \u0111em t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u00ednh m\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef v\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u1ea5y\u201d[18]\u2026<\/p>\n Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0, khi H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh tr\u00edch d\u1eabn Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp 1776 c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 n\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u00e0y 2\/9\/1945 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c thi t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, th\u00ec ch\u1eef men (trong All men) trong Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp 1776 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng da tr\u1eafng c\u00f3 s\u1edf h\u1eefu, s\u1ef1 s\u1edf h\u1eefu n\u00e0y nhi\u1ec1u khi g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 da \u0111en. N\u0103m 1870, Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p b\u1ed5 sung c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 m\u1edbi c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da \u0111en; trong \u0111\u00f3, \u0110i\u1ec1u XV, kho\u1ea3n 1 ghi r\u00f5: \u201cQuy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Hoa K\u1ef3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn ho\u1eb7c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o l\u00fd do ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, m\u00e0u da, hay t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y\u201d[19]. C\u00f2n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef M\u1ef9 th\u00ec 144 n\u0103m sau m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110i\u1ec1u XIX Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p b\u1ed5 sung c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n ng\u00e0y 18\/8\/1920 ghi nh\u1eadn: \u201cQuy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Hoa K\u1ef3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn ho\u1eb7c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf b\u1edfi Li\u00ean bang hay b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 bang n\u00e0o v\u1edbi l\u00fd do gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh\u201d[20].<\/p>\n Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam do H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y 2\/9\/1945 nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0y 10\/12\/1948, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c m\u1edbi th\u00f4ng qua Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (30 \u0111i\u1ec1u). \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. V\u1edbi Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u00e3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u1ec1n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam – v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp.<\/p>\n HI\u1ec6N TH\u1ef0C H\u00d3A QUY\u1ec0N CON NG\u01af\u1edcI V\u00c0 QUY\u1ec0N C\u00d4NG D\u00c2N \u1ede VI\u1ec6T NAM<\/strong><\/p>\n B\u1ea3n Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00f4ng d\u00e0i, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 49 c\u00e2u, v\u1edbi h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n ch\u1eef, song l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng l\u1edbn, \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 khai sinh m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u1edbi, \u0111\u01b0a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u00f2n l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, v\u1ec1 th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u00ec quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng thi\u00eang li\u00eang gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh. V\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3, quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng; quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee5 h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n\/c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 do c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u0169ng theo H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u\/c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c thi quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, song \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 duy nh\u1ea5t b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ec3 2 quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c, b\u1edfi: \u201cN\u1ebfu n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp m\u00e0 d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng h\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac t\u1ef1 do, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00fd g\u00ec\u201d[21]. Nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi do H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh tr\u00edch d\u1eabn, kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh trong Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb b\u1ea5t h\u1ee7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3, \u0111ang v\u00e0 s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n Sau b\u1ea3n Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ng\u00e0y 2\/9\/1945 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c (k\u00fd ng\u00e0y 26\/6\/1945 t\u1ea1i San Francisco; c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c ng\u00e0y 24\/10\/1945) v\u00e0 \u201cTuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c ng\u00e0y 10\/2\/1948. Song trong c\u1ea3 2 v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0y, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng \u1edf c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, v\u0103n h\u00f3a,v.v.. c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft. Sau \u0111\u00f3, C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb (1966); C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a (1966) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt Quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf; Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 Vi\u00ean v\u00e0 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c (1993) \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi – quy\u1ec1n t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Trong \u0111\u00f3, \u0110i\u1ec1u 1 c\u1ee7a hai c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u201cT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft\u201d v\u00e0 Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 Vi\u00ean v\u00e0 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh: \u201cVi\u1ec7c kh\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 vi ph\u1ea1m nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n\u201d. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft – quy\u1ec1n t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp 1945 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng qua th\u1eed th\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c chung c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c h\u01a1n 20 n\u0103m.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, d\u00f9 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o th\u00ec quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i dung quan tr\u1ecdng, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t trong Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia. B\u1edfi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia th\u00e0nh giai c\u1ea5p, c\u00f3 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t v\u00e0 b\u1ecb b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t, c\u00f3 \u00e1p b\u1ee9c v\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c th\u00ec nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do, b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 theo \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n \u1ede Vi\u1ec7t Nam, sau Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, ng\u00e0y 3\/9\/1945, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e2m th\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a – H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau 6 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c thi; trong \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 ban h\u00e0nh Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n\/c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u s\u1edbm t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c T\u1ed5ng tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed v\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u phi\u1ebfu; trong \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c T\u1ed5ng tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed: S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh s\u1ed1 14-SL ng\u00e0y 8\/9\/1945 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd m\u1edf cu\u1ed9c T\u1ed5ng tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea7u Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, quy \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n trai g\u00e1i \u0111\u1ee7 18 tu\u1ed5i tr\u1edf l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n \u1ee9ng c\u1eed v\u00e0 b\u00e2\u0300u c\u1eed theo lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gia\u0300u ngh\u00e8o, d\u00e2n t\u00f4\u0323c, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng n\u00f2i; S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh s\u1ed1 39-SL ng\u00e0y 26\/9\/1945 v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp U\u1ef7 ban d\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o th\u1ec3 l\u1ec7 cu\u1ed9c T\u1ed5ng tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed; S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh s\u1ed1 51-SL ng\u00e0y 17\/10\/1945 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ec3 l\u1ec7 cu\u1ed9c T\u1ed5ng tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n theo l\u1ed1i ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u phi\u1ebfu, b\u1ea7u c\u1eed tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu k\u00edn; S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh s\u1ed1 71-SL ng\u00e0y 2\/12\/1945 b\u1ed5 khuy\u1ebft \u0110i\u1ec1u 11 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V c\u1ee7a S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh s\u1ed1 51 nh\u1eb1m t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i h\u01a1n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee9ng c\u1eed\u2026 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n\/c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp.<\/p>\n Theo \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec1u ngang quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n: Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a (\u0110i\u1ec1u 6). C\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c ki\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c t\u00f9y theo t\u00e0i n\u0103ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh (\u0110i\u1ec1u 7). \u0110\u00e0n b\u00e0 ngang quy\u1ec1n v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n (\u0110i\u1ec1u 9). C\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n: T\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn, t\u1ef1 do xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n; t\u1ef1 do t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp; t\u1ef1 do t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng; t\u1ef1 do c\u01b0 tr\u00fa \u0111i l\u1ea1i trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i (\u0110i\u1ec1u 10). T\u01b0 ph\u00e1p ch\u01b0a quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft b\u1edb v\u00e0 giam c\u1ea7m ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, kh\u00f4ng ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u00e1i lu\u1eadt (\u0110i\u1ec1u 11). Quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m (\u0110i\u1ec1u 13). Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed l\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u phi\u1ebfu (\u0110i\u1ec1u 17). T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1eeb 18 tu\u1ed5i tr\u1edf l\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t trai g\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea5t tr\u00ed v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea5t quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee9ng c\u1eed ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed (\u0110i\u1ec1u 18). Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n b\u00e3i mi\u1ec5n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea7u ra (\u0110i\u1ec1u 20). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ph\u00fac quy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh qu\u1ed1c gia (\u0110i\u1ec1u 21)\u2026<\/p>\n C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian, Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a c\u0169ng c\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 \u0111i li\u1ec1n c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f3, trong Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i n\u0103m 1959, quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecbnh trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III: Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng d\u00e2n so v\u1edbi Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p 1946 \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n nh\u01b0 quy\u1ec1n nh\u00e0 \u1edf, quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, quy\u1ec1n ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i, quy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1, quy\u1ec1n khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o…<\/p>\n Trong Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p 1992, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V: Quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, \u0110i\u1ec1u 50 ghi r\u00f5: \u1ede n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Vi\u1ec7t Nam, c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt – th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn c\u1ea3 hai kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n\u2026<\/p>\n Trong Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 2013, Quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1eeb Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V trong Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1992 \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II: Quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n (gi\u1ed1ng Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II, Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1946). Trong \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0: Quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt (\u0110i\u1ec1u 16). Quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t, giao n\u1ed9p cho n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c (Kho\u1ea3n 2, \u0110i\u1ec1u 17). Kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tra t\u1ea5n, b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c, truy b\u1ee9c, nh\u1ee5c h\u00ecnh hay b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m th\u00e2n th\u1ec3, s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe, x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m danh d\u1ef1, nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m (Kho\u1ea3n 1, \u0110i\u1ec1u 20). Quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eddi t\u01b0 (\u0110i\u1ec1u 21). Quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 n\u01a1i \u1edf h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p (\u0110i\u1ec1u 22). Quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn th\u00f4ng tin (\u0110i\u1ec1u 25); quy\u1ec1n tham gia qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (\u0110i\u1ec1u 28). Quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1edbi (\u0110i\u1ec1u 26). Quy\u1ec1n bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ebft khi Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u \u00fd d\u00e2n (\u0110i\u1ec1u 29). Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e9t x\u1eed c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, c\u00f4ng khai v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u1ed9i cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh theo tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n \u00e1n k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a T\u00f2a \u00e1n (\u0110i\u1ec1u 31). Quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n (\u0110i\u1ec1u 32). Quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m an sinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (\u0110i\u1ec1u 34). Quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m (\u0110i\u1ec1u 35). Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong l\u00e0nh (\u0110i\u1ec1u 43)\u2026 C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nhu c\u1ea7u ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau ra trong Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y, quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau ra\/th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1945 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh, b\u1ed5 sung, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, quy \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n h\u01a1n trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p; trong ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf h\u00f3a Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 2013 v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 gia nh\u1eadp, k\u00fd k\u1ebft, Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed5 sung, s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 ban h\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u v\u0103n b\u1ea3n lu\u1eadt, ph\u00e1p l\u1ec7nh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 2013. Trong \u0111\u00f3, ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn Lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 2014, Lu\u1eadt doanh nghi\u1ec7p 2014, Lu\u1eadt tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd 2015, Lu\u1eadt quy ho\u1ea1ch 2017, Lu\u1eadt h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 doanh nghi\u1ec7p nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 v\u1eeba 2017, Lu\u1eadt ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn th\u00f4ng tin 2018\u2026<\/p>\n C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, 75 n\u0103m tr\u00f4i qua k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u1ecdc Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n; t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecbnh, ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c thi 2 quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n\/c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee5 h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n g\u1eafn v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong 35 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng. Minh ch\u1ee9ng sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng ch\u1ec9 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ea3o an, H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Kinh t\u1ebf – x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u1ee6y vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ea3o an Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 2020-2021,v.v.. v\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.\/.<\/p>\n Theo tuyengiao.vn<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
\n<\/strong>
\n\u201cQuy\u00ea\u0300n con ng\u01b0\u01a1\u0300i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m ph\u00e1p l\u00fd to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 b\u1ecf m\u1eb7c l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m, nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d[1]. Hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea9m sinh, v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d[2]. V\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3, quy\u00ea\u0300n con ng\u01b0\u01a1\u0300i l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, v\u1ed1n c\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng do ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ban ph\u00e1t; \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c a\u0301p du\u0323ng bi\u0300nh \u0111\u0103\u0309ng v\u01a1\u0301i t\u00e2\u0301t ca\u0309 mo\u0323i ng\u01b0\u01a1\u0300i thu\u00f4\u0323c mo\u0323i d\u00e2n t\u00f4\u0323c, trong m\u1ecdi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh, \u00a0kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng phu\u0323 thu\u00f4\u0323c va\u0300o bi\u00ean gi\u01a1\u0301i qu\u00f4\u0301c gia, l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 hay t\u01b0 ca\u0301ch ca\u0301 nh\u00e2n, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u01a1\u0300ng s\u00f4\u0301ng cu\u0309a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n\n\n
\n S\u1edbm ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh c\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u00ec quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u00ean khi C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, trong Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n: \u201cT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u sinh ra b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng. T\u1ea1o h\u00f3a cho h\u1ecd nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, trong nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n \u1ea5y, c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng, quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n m\u01b0u c\u1ea7u h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac\u201d[14] trong Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1776 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi ta sinh ra t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i\u201d[15] trong Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 D\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1791, \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n \n\n
\n T\u1eeb Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1946 cho \u0111\u1ebfn Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 2013, quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 cao v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n\/c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee5 h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n nh\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef “quy\u1ec1n”, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi xu th\u1ebf th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1946 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i kh\u00f3a I th\u00f4ng qua ng\u00e0y 9\/11\/1946 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau r\u00f5: N\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 quy\u1ec1n binh trong n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00f2i gi\u1ed1ng, trai g\u00e1i, gi\u00e0u ngh\u00e8o, giai c\u1ea5p, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o (\u0110i\u1ec1u 1); ghi nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, x\u00e1c l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n\/c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n trong th\u1ef1c thi nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n\/c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 v\u00e0 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee5 h\u01b0\u1edfng quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n m\u00e0 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh trong Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II: Ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n